John as Lord of Ireland and King of England (1199-1216)

John 'Lackland,' the youngest son of Henry II, was born in 1166. In 1177, while John was only 11 years old, his father made him Lord of Ireland. John was the first to order coins to be produced in Ireland of the same weight and fineness as those of England.

There are no existent records that exactly date the start of King John's Anglo-Irish coinage. One possibility is that it started at the time of King John's visit to Ireland in 1209. These Anglo-Irish farthings have a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle on the obverse. The reverse has the moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre. Identification of the dies used for this coinage is primarily achieved by: comparing the style of the king's head; the obverse legend; the reverse legend; and the orientation of the star within the reverse triangle. All these farthings were produced at 2 mints:

Dublin
   Roberd    Willem

Limerick
   Willem    Wace

Struck between c.1209 and 1211, there are over 120 known examples (including contemporary forgeries) of John as Lord "Rex" farthings. Contemporary forgeries are far more common than genuine coins.

   Contemporary Forgeries

Historical Context

In 1189, Henry II died and John's elder brother, Richard, became king. Shortly after this an unprecedented coinage of round halfpence and farthings was issued in Ireland; denominations that would not be struck in England for another 32 years. This coinage was limited to the production of halfpennies and farthings in Ireland, possibly an indication of John's inferior status as a Lord, while the King retained the privilege of coining pennies. These coins were struck to meet local needs and are rarely found outside Ireland...
From 1190 to around 1194, when an uprising caused a temporary cessation, this coinage was only struck in Dublin (i.e. 'first issue'). Dublin production was resumed later in 1194 (i.e. 'second issue') and continued until John became king in 1199. Additional production commenced at Waterford in c.1195, and in c.1197 production commenced in newly conquered Limerick, following the death of the King of Munster, Donal Mór O'Brien.
No farthings of John's Mascle Coinage were known until 1806, when several were discovered along with some Anglo-Irish halfpence of the same period. The farthings had the same moneyers names as found on some of the halfpence from this hoard.1 Modern forgeries of these farthings occasionally appear on the market.
These REX coinage farthings are not to be confused with the Anglo-Irish 'mascle' farthings produced when John was Lord of Ireland, but not yet King of England.

Coin Characteristics

Coin Examples - moneyer ROBERD of Dublin

Coin Examples - moneyer WILLEM of Dublin

Coin Examples - moneyer WILLEM of Limerick

Coin Examples - moneyer WACE of Limerick

Coin Examples - Contemporary Forgeries

Corpus of Coins

This corpus records all coins available for study or known from published sources, auction catalogues and FPLs. An asterisk (*) indicates that there is an illustration on this page. Recorded weights are given where available.

Abbreviations

  • BM — British Museum
  • Fitz. — Fitzwilliam Museum
  • NMC — National Museum, Cardiff
  • NMI — National Museum Ireland, Dublin
  • PC — Private Collections
  • SCBI — Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles, 1968
  • SNC — Spinks Numismatic Circular
  • UM — Ulster Museum
  • wnr — weight not recorded

Roberd of Dublin

Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: RO BE RD
1 PC; eBay, detectorist find; wnr.
2* PC; CNG online item 436745 > CNG Sale 106, 12 September 2017, lot 1148, Hibernia Collection (David Headon) > Mike Vosper; 0.36/2hg.
3 PC; Alan Smith, London Coin Fair, October 10, 2012; 0.25g.
4 PC; eBay, March 2016 - detectorist find from fields nr. Fethard, Tipperary; 0.31g.
5 PC; DNW, sale 123, 11 June 2014, lot 467; 0.32g.
6 PC; CNG Sale 277e, 11 April 2012, lot 403; 0.32g/2h.
7 PC; eBay; 0.33g.
8 PC; Hansons Auctions, 25 February 2021, lot 261 > Essex Coins > detectorist find; wnr.
9 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
10 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
11 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: RO BE RD (Scribe mark parallel to the right edge of the triangle)
12 PC; London Coins Auction, 6 December 2008, lot 968; wnr.
13 PC; Detectorist find in April 2011, at an Anglo-Norman site of a Mill house in Ireland.; wnr.
14 PC; eBay: coinsandantiquities, February 2014; wnr.
15 PC; eBay: lozyhotseller, January 2018 > detectorist find March 21, 2016; wnr.
16 UM; (SCBI, pl.VIII, no. 387) > Carlyon-Britton (1962)3 > Longbottom, Sotheby, 14 May 1943, lot 317 (part); 0.28g.
17* PC; Richard Walshe; wnr.
18 PC; CNG; wnr.
19 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
20 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
21 PC; CNG Sale 443, 1 May 2019, lot 717; 0.32g/3h.
Obv: IOh AN. REX / Rev: ROB ED. ON.
22 PC; DNW, 21 June 2011, lot 316; 0.37g/8h.
23*obv PC; DNW, sale 124, 16 September 2014, lot 2831; 0.37g/1h.
24*rev PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
25 PC; Davisson, sale 48, 6 December 2023, lot 197 > Detectorist find; 0.31g.
Obv: IOh AN. REX / Rev. RO BE RD
26* PC; CNG eAuction 563, 5 June 2024, lot 1183; 0.47g/7h.
Obv: IOh ANN EN. / Rev: RO BE RD
27* PC; David Headon – Ormonde Coins, September 2013; 0.25g.
28 PC Timeline, 1 December 2015, lot 2576; 0.35g.
29 PC eBay: coinsandantiquities, March 2014; wnr.
30 PC eBay; wnr.
31 PC Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN. REX. / Rev: ROB. ERD ON.
32 PC; Sazama, DNW, sale 102, 18 September 2012, lot 2350 > DNW Sale 78, 19 June 2008, lot 11; 0.33g/12h.
33* PC; Sazama, DNW 120, 5 Dec 2013, lot 3214 > DNW Sale77, 12 March 2008, lot 7 > Patrick Finn > Spink; 0.31g/9h.
34 PC; DNW Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1329; 0.35g/8h.
35 NMI; wnr.
36 PC; DNW Sale 145, 18 September 2018, lot 1014; 0.37g/7h.
37 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
38 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: ROB. ER. DO.
39 PC; Spink, LaRiviere, 22 February 2006, lot 33 > Finn, List 13, May 1998, item 412; 0.35g.
40* PC; Mike Vosper > London Coin Auctions, sale 165, 3 June 2019, lot 2202; 0.34g.
Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: ROI ER DO
41* PC; wnr.
42 PC; Detectorist find; 0.26g.
43 PC; DNW, 1 December 2020, lot 528 > DNW, 16 September 2020, lot 506; 0.38g/6h.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: ROB [--] ON
44* PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN. REX / Rev: ROB. ER. DO.
45* PC; Spink sale 23107, e-circular 27, 31 March 2023, lot 7082 > found at Tupholme, East Lindsey District (Lincs.), 20 Jan 2008; 0.28g/1h.


Willem of Dublin

Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LLCEM OND
46*sm PC; Whytes, 'Millennial Collection' 29 April 2000 lot 49 > Glendining (Hird), 6 March 1974, lot 175; 0.39g.
47*lg PC; eBay: coinsandantiquities (Nov. ’11), detectorist find; 0.30g.
48 PC; eBay: markdavis_ukp195 > Spink, Sale 25021, 2 April 2025, lot 58 (part) - ex. John Noel Simpson; 0.32g/7h.
Obv: IOh AN RE[-?] / Rev: WI LLCEM OND
49* PC; Detectorist find at an Anglo-Norman site of a Mill house in 2011; 0.35g.
50 PC; eBay > Timeline, 1 December 2015, lot 2577 > Timeline, 27 February 2016, lot 2250 > Timeline, Sale 64, 27 May 2016, lot 2607 > Timeline, 21 February 2017, lot 3480 > Halls Hammered Coins, HHC4059; 0.31g.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WIL LLC[- ---]
51* PC; Mike Vosper, 1 February 2014; 0.30g.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LE MO
52* PC; CNG, Private Treaty, March 2019; 0.26g/1h.
53 PC; CNG, Sale 441, 3 April 2019, lot 603; 0.33g/2h.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LE MO
54 PC; CNG, Sale 40, 4 December 1996, lot 484 > SNC, April 1986, item 2401 > SNC, November 1988, item 7137; 0.34g.
55 PC; CNG, Private Treaty, March 2019; 0.25g/3h.
56* PC; DNW, 11 Mar 2020, Lot 186; 0.32g/8h.
57 PC; David Headon; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WIL LEM ON
58* PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1330; 0.34g/7h.
59 PC; eBay; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN. RE. / Rev: WIL LEM ON
60* PC; DNW, Sale 101, 21 June 2012, lot 956; 0.37g/3h.
61 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
62 PC; eBay, November 2018, detectorist find; 0.33g/7h.
63 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
64 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN. RE. / Rev: WIL LEM OND
65* PC; Detectorist find, November 2011; wnr.
66 PC; Alan Smith, August 2014; 0.25g.
67 PC; Detectorist find in April 2011, at an Anglo-Norman site of a Mill house in Ireland.; wnr.
68 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
69 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
70 PC; Silbury Coins (John Philpotts); 0.36g.
71 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LLE MO (pellet above star)
72* PC; Ormonde Coins (David Headon) “Hibernia Collection” #30, November 2015 > Dublin Coin Auction (unidentified auction); 0.30g.
73 NMI; (SCBI, pl.XVI, no. 21); wnr.
74 Fitz.; CM.5.2369-1933, Henderson Bequest 1933; 0.31g.
75 PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1331 > DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1221; 0.36g/6h.
Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: WI LE MO
76*obv PC; Mike Vosper, February 2016; 0.35g.
77*rev PC; DNW, Sale 59, 7 October 2003, lot 996; 0.37g/1h.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LLE MO
78*obv PC; eBay; wnr.
79*rev PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1327 (part) > DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1220; 0.30g/4h.
80*obv PC; David Headon > CNG online item 5676618; 0.41g/4h.


Willem of Limerick

Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WIL LEM ONL
81 PC; eBay; wnr.
82* PC; Timeline, 24 May 2017, lot 1226 > Timeline 21 November 2017, lot 1127; 0.35g.
83 PC; George McGrath, May 2016; 0.30g.
84 PC; eBay, April 2012; 0.25g.
85 PC; eBay; wnr.
86 PC; Sovereign Rarities, online, item CM05572 > Mike Vosper > detectorist find, 2017; 0.38g.
87 PC; David Headon; wnr.
88 PC; Noonans (McKeever), Sale 296, 9 May 2024, lot 502; David Headon; 0.29g/4h.
89 PC; David Headon; wnr.
90 PC; Noonans, 'Good Money' Sale, 27 September 2022, 27 September 2022, lot 616; 0.33g/12h.


Wace of Limerick

Obv: IOh AN RE. / Rev: WA CEO NLI
91 PC; John Stafford-Langam; wnr.
92* PC; Detecorist find, November 2020; 0.29g/4h.


Contemporary Forgeries?

Obv: DN HA REX / Rev: WIL [--] ND
93* PC; DNW, Sale 101, 21 June 2012, lot 957 > Jim Sazama; 0.27g/12h.
Obv: DN HA REX / Rev: WI LEM ON
94* PC; eBay, April 2014; wnr.
95 PC; Mike Vosper, 2014; wnr.
Obv: WIL LEM ON / Rev: WI LLE MO
96* PC; DNW, Sale 90, 9 December 2010, lot 768 > Cates; 0.35g/12h.
97 PC; Timeline, sale 38, 12 February 2015, lot 1761 > Timeline, 1 December 2015, lot 2578 > Timeline, 27 February 2016, lot 2251; 0.39g.
98 PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1332 (part) > DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1223; 0.29g/4h.
99 PC; eBay; wnr.
Obv: WIL LEM ON / Rev: W[--] EM OND
100 PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1332 (part) > DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1222; 0.30g/12h.
101* PC; National Museum of Ireland, Dublin > Earl of Pembroke; wnr.
102 PC; Greenall, Baldwin Sale 9, 8 October 1996, lot 1807; 0.29g.
103 PC; eBay; wnr.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
104* PC; DNW, Sale 101, 21 June 2012, lot 395X > Jim Sazama; 0.30g/8h. 105 PC; Halls Hammered Coins (Simon Hall) > eBay; wnr.
106 PC; CNG > Agora eAuction, 8 August 2023, lot 320, crudely repaired; 0.31g/3h.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
107* PC; DNW, Sale 140, 15 March 2017, lot 588; 0.32g/8h.
108 PC; eBay, September 2014, detectorist find in the Scottish Highlands; 0.30g.
109 NMC; National museum of Wales, Cardiff, found at Llanfaes, Anglesey; wnr.
110 PC; David Headon; wnr.
111 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
112* PC; eBay; wnr.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
113* BM; E.2896, ex. Evans (acquired by the British Museum from the Evans collection in 1845) (SCBI, pl.XVI, no. 41, Dowle & Finn, p.18, no. 52A this coin); 0.33g.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
114* PC; eBay: darlenajames, September 2012; 0.35g.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
115* PC; Ormonde Coins (David Headon), June 2023; wnr.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
116* PC; Brian Morton, March 2021; wnr.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
117* PC; CNG, Sale 498, 16 August 2021, lot 676; 0.23g.
Obv: [---] RE[-?] / Rev: WIL LL[---]
118* PC; Noonans, 'Good Money' Sale, 27 September 2022, 27 September 2022, lot 615; 0.26g/9h.


Unidentified

119 PC; eBay; wnr. 120 PC; DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1217 (part) > DNW, Sale 144, 21 February 2018, lot 627 (part) > DNW, 20 February 2019, lot 504 (part); wnr.


Footnotes

  1. John Lindsay, A View of the Coinage of Ireland, from the Invasion of the Danes to the Reign of George IV. Cork: Luke H. Bolster, 1839, 25.
  2. "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966.
  3. "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966.
  4. William O'Sullivan. The Earliest Anglo-Irish Coinage. Dublin: National Museum of Ireland and The Stationery Office, 1961, pl. 9
  5. Thomas Bearman of Hackney's collection was purchased en bloc by Baldwins and dispersed. "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966, xxiii.
  6. The Revd. Canon Grainger donated his collection, which included coins, to the Belfast Corporation on 23 November 1891. "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966, xiv.
  7. The illegible moneyer's name has resulted in many experts coming to their own interpretation: the reverse reading is not clear; it could be ALEX or a blundered version of WALT. C.J. Denton notes "If WALT, then not in the Ulster Museum or National Museum of Ireland; if ALEX, known only from a reference in Lindsay". He also notes opinions given by the British Museum: "not WALT" and the NMI: "much nearer to ALEX but inconclusive". It has also been identified as GEFR - but if so, the lettering is both inward and outward facing and lacks the usual pellet under each letter. The lack of pellets, the crude lettering, the mixed orientation of lettering, and the illegibility of the name, together suggests that this coin is a possible contemporary forgery.

Research & Resources

Contact

For corrections, additional examples, or research enquiries, please email:
admin@hammeredfarthings.co.uk