John as Lord of Ireland and King of England (1199-1216)
John 'Lackland,' the youngest son of Henry II, was born in 1166. In 1177, while John was only 11 years old, his father made him Lord of Ireland. John was the first to order coins to be produced in Ireland of the same weight and fineness as those of England.
There are no existent records that exactly date the start of King John's Anglo-Irish coinage. One possibility is that it started at the time of King John's visit to Ireland in 1209. These Anglo-Irish farthings have a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle on the obverse. The reverse has the moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre. Identification of the dies used for this coinage is primarily achieved by: comparing the style of the king's head; the obverse legend; the reverse legend; and the orientation of the star within the reverse triangle. All these farthings were produced at 2 mints:
Struck between c.1209 and 1211, there are over 120 known examples (including contemporary forgeries) of John as Lord "Rex" farthings. Contemporary forgeries are far more common than genuine coins.
Historical Context
In 1189, Henry II died and John's elder brother, Richard, became king. Shortly after this an unprecedented coinage of round halfpence and farthings was issued in Ireland; denominations that would not be struck in England for another 32 years. This coinage was limited to the production of halfpennies and farthings in Ireland, possibly an indication of John's inferior status as a Lord, while the King retained the privilege of coining pennies. These coins were struck to meet local needs and are rarely found outside Ireland...
Coin Characteristics
- Metal: Silver
- Denomination: Farthing (¼ penny)
- Mint(s): Dublin & Limerick
- Obverse: Triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
- Reverse: Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
- Coin diameter: 10-11mm
- Weight: 0.29-0.44g
Coin Examples - moneyer ROBERD of Dublin ↩
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN RE around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: RO BE RD, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 1/A
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN RE around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: RO BE RD, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre. Scribe mark parallel to the right edge of the triangle.
Dies: 6/G
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN. REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: ROB ED. ON., Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 3/C
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN. REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: RO BE RD, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 3/D
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh ANN EN. around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: RO BE RD, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 4/E
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN. REX. around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: ROB. ERD ON., Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 5/F
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: ROB. ER. DO., Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 2/B
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN RE around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: ROI ER DO, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 6/H
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: ROB [--] ON, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 7/J
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1209-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: ROBERD
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: ROB. ER. DO., Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 3/B
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Coin Examples - moneyer WILLEM of Dublin ↩
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LLCEM OND, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 1/A
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN RE[?] around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LLCEM OND, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 2/A
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WIL LLC [----], Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 3/B
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LE MO, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 3/C
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LE MO, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 3/D
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WIL LEM ON, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 3/E
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN. RE. around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WIL LEM ON, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 4/E
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN. RE. around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WIL LEM OND, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 4/F
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LLE MO, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre. Pellet above the star.
Dies: 5/G
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN RE around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LE MO, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 6/H
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Dublin
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LLE MO, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 7/J
Reference(s): Spink 6234, DF 52
Scarcity: Very rare
Guide Price: £275 (Fine) £850 (Very Fine)
Coin Examples - moneyer WILLEM of Limerick ↩
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Limerick
Moneyer: WILLEM
Obverse: IOh AN REX around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WIL LEM ONL, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 1/A
Reference(s): Spink 6234A, DF 52
Scarcity: Extremely rare
Guide Price: £500 (Fine) £1500 (Very Fine)
Coin Examples - moneyer WACE of Limerick ↩
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: Limerick
Moneyer: WACE
Obverse: IOh AN RE. around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with a star in each angle.
Reverse: WA CEO NLI, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Dies: 1/A
Reference(s): Spink 6234A, DF 52
Scarcity: Extremely rare
Guide Price: £500 (Fine) £1500 (Very Fine)
Coin Examples - Contemporary Forgeries ↩
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: DN HA [---] around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with no star in each angle.
Reverse: WIL [--] OND, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: DN HA [---] around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with no star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LEM ON, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: WIL LEM ON around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with no star in each angle.
Reverse: WI LLE MO, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: WIL LEM ON around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with star in each angle.
Reverse: W[--] EM OND, Moneyer's name around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding the head of the king.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with no star in each angle.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding the head of the king with no star in each angle
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding dashes, dots and lines.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding dashes, dots and lines.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding dashes, dots and lines.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding the head of the king.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding the head of the king. Annulet eyes.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Year(s): c.1210-1211
Mint: unknown
Moneyer: unknown
Obverse: Gibberish around a triangle surrounding the head of the king.
Reverse: Gibberish, around a triangle, a star in the centre.
Reference(s): Spink -, DF 52A
Scarcity: Very rare
Corpus of Coins
Abbreviations
- BM — British Museum
- Fitz. — Fitzwilliam Museum
- NMC — National Museum, Cardiff
- NMI — National Museum Ireland, Dublin
- PC — Private Collections
- SCBI — Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles, 1968
- SNC — Spinks Numismatic Circular
- UM — Ulster Museum
- wnr — weight not recorded
Roberd of Dublin
Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: RO BE RD
2* PC; CNG online item 436745 > CNG Sale 106, 12 September 2017, lot 1148, Hibernia Collection (David Headon) > Mike Vosper; 0.36/2hg.
3 PC; Alan Smith, London Coin Fair, October 10, 2012; 0.25g.
4 PC; eBay, March 2016 - detectorist find from fields nr. Fethard, Tipperary; 0.31g.
5 PC; DNW, sale 123, 11 June 2014, lot 467; 0.32g.
6 PC; CNG Sale 277e, 11 April 2012, lot 403; 0.32g/2h.
7 PC; eBay; 0.33g.
8 PC; Hansons Auctions, 25 February 2021, lot 261 > Essex Coins > detectorist find; wnr.
9 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
10 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
11 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: RO BE RD (Scribe mark parallel to the right edge of the triangle)
13 PC; Detectorist find in April 2011, at an Anglo-Norman site of a Mill house in Ireland.; wnr.
14 PC; eBay: coinsandantiquities, February 2014; wnr.
15 PC; eBay: lozyhotseller, January 2018 > detectorist find March 21, 2016; wnr.
16 UM; (SCBI, pl.VIII, no. 387) > Carlyon-Britton (1962)3 > Longbottom, Sotheby, 14 May 1943, lot 317 (part); 0.28g.
17* PC; Richard Walshe; wnr.
18 PC; CNG; wnr.
19 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
20 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
21 PC; CNG Sale 443, 1 May 2019, lot 717; 0.32g/3h.
Obv: IOh AN. REX / Rev: ROB ED. ON.
23*obv PC; DNW, sale 124, 16 September 2014, lot 2831; 0.37g/1h.
24*rev PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
25 PC; Davisson, sale 48, 6 December 2023, lot 197 > Detectorist find; 0.31g.
Obv: IOh AN. REX / Rev. RO BE RD
Obv: IOh ANN EN. / Rev: RO BE RD
28 PC Timeline, 1 December 2015, lot 2576; 0.35g.
29 PC eBay: coinsandantiquities, March 2014; wnr.
30 PC eBay; wnr.
31 PC Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN. REX. / Rev: ROB. ERD ON.
33* PC; Sazama, DNW 120, 5 Dec 2013, lot 3214 > DNW Sale77, 12 March 2008, lot 7 > Patrick Finn > Spink; 0.31g/9h.
34 PC; DNW Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1329; 0.35g/8h.
35 NMI; wnr.
36 PC; DNW Sale 145, 18 September 2018, lot 1014; 0.37g/7h.
37 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
38 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: ROB. ER. DO.
40* PC; Mike Vosper > London Coin Auctions, sale 165, 3 June 2019, lot 2202; 0.34g.
Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: ROI ER DO
42 PC; Detectorist find; 0.26g.
43 PC; DNW, 1 December 2020, lot 528 > DNW, 16 September 2020, lot 506; 0.38g/6h.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: ROB [--] ON
Obv: IOh AN. REX / Rev: ROB. ER. DO.
Willem of Dublin
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LLCEM OND
47*lg PC; eBay: coinsandantiquities (Nov. ’11), detectorist find; 0.30g.
48 PC; eBay: markdavis_ukp195 > Spink, Sale 25021, 2 April 2025, lot 58 (part) - ex. John Noel Simpson; 0.32g/7h.
Obv: IOh AN RE[-?] / Rev: WI LLCEM OND
50 PC; eBay > Timeline, 1 December 2015, lot 2577 > Timeline, 27 February 2016, lot 2250 > Timeline, Sale 64, 27 May 2016, lot 2607 > Timeline, 21 February 2017, lot 3480 > Halls Hammered Coins, HHC4059; 0.31g.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WIL LLC[- ---]
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LE MO
53 PC; CNG, Sale 441, 3 April 2019, lot 603; 0.33g/2h.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LE MO
55 PC; CNG, Private Treaty, March 2019; 0.25g/3h.
56* PC; DNW, 11 Mar 2020, Lot 186; 0.32g/8h.
57 PC; David Headon; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WIL LEM ON
59 PC; eBay; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN. RE. / Rev: WIL LEM ON
61 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
62 PC; eBay, November 2018, detectorist find; 0.33g/7h.
63 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
64 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN. RE. / Rev: WIL LEM OND
66 PC; Alan Smith, August 2014; 0.25g.
67 PC; Detectorist find in April 2011, at an Anglo-Norman site of a Mill house in Ireland.; wnr.
68 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
69 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
70 PC; Silbury Coins (John Philpotts); 0.36g.
71 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LLE MO (pellet above star)
73 NMI; (SCBI, pl.XVI, no. 21); wnr.
74 Fitz.; CM.5.2369-1933, Henderson Bequest 1933; 0.31g.
75 PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1331 > DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1221; 0.36g/6h.
Obv: IOh AN RE / Rev: WI LE MO
77*rev PC; DNW, Sale 59, 7 October 2003, lot 996; 0.37g/1h.
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WI LLE MO
79*rev PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1327 (part) > DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1220; 0.30g/4h.
80*obv PC; David Headon > CNG online item 5676618; 0.41g/4h.
Willem of Limerick
Obv: IOh AN REX / Rev: WIL LEM ONL
82* PC; Timeline, 24 May 2017, lot 1226 > Timeline 21 November 2017, lot 1127; 0.35g.
83 PC; George McGrath, May 2016; 0.30g.
84 PC; eBay, April 2012; 0.25g.
85 PC; eBay; wnr.
86 PC; Sovereign Rarities, online, item CM05572 > Mike Vosper > detectorist find, 2017; 0.38g.
87 PC; David Headon; wnr.
88 PC; Noonans (McKeever), Sale 296, 9 May 2024, lot 502; David Headon; 0.29g/4h.
89 PC; David Headon; wnr.
90 PC; Noonans, 'Good Money' Sale, 27 September 2022, 27 September 2022, lot 616; 0.33g/12h.
Wace of Limerick
Obv: IOh AN RE. / Rev: WA CEO NLI
92* PC; Detecorist find, November 2020; 0.29g/4h.
Contemporary Forgeries?
Obv: DN HA REX / Rev: WIL [--] ND
Obv: DN HA REX / Rev: WI LEM ON
95 PC; Mike Vosper, 2014; wnr.
Obv: WIL LEM ON / Rev: WI LLE MO
97 PC; Timeline, sale 38, 12 February 2015, lot 1761 > Timeline, 1 December 2015, lot 2578 > Timeline, 27 February 2016, lot 2251; 0.39g.
98 PC; DNW, Sale 141, 14 June 2017, lot 1332 (part) > DNW, Sale 142, 13 September 2017, lot 1223; 0.29g/4h.
99 PC; eBay; wnr.
Obv: WIL LEM ON / Rev: W[--] EM OND
101* PC; National Museum of Ireland, Dublin > Earl of Pembroke; wnr.
102 PC; Greenall, Baldwin Sale 9, 8 October 1996, lot 1807; 0.29g.
103 PC; eBay; wnr.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
106 PC; CNG > Agora eAuction, 8 August 2023, lot 320, crudely repaired; 0.31g/3h.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
108 PC; eBay, September 2014, detectorist find in the Scottish Highlands; 0.30g.
109 NMC; National museum of Wales, Cardiff, found at Llanfaes, Anglesey; wnr.
110 PC; David Headon; wnr.
111 PC; Detectorist find; wnr.
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
Obv: Gibberish / Rev: Gibberish
Obv: [---] RE[-?] / Rev: WIL LL[---]
Unidentified
Footnotes
- John Lindsay, A View of the Coinage of Ireland, from the Invasion of the Danes to the Reign of George IV. Cork: Luke H. Bolster, 1839, 25. ↩
- "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966.↩
- "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966.↩
- William O'Sullivan. The Earliest Anglo-Irish Coinage. Dublin: National Museum of Ireland and The Stationery Office, 1961, pl. 9↩
- Thomas Bearman of Hackney's collection was purchased en bloc by Baldwins and dispersed. "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966, xxiii.↩
- The Revd. Canon Grainger donated his collection, which included coins, to the Belfast Corporation on 23 November 1891. "SCBI 10: Anglo-Irish Coins in the Ulster Museum." Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 10. London: Published for the British Academy, 1966, xiv.↩
- The illegible moneyer's name has resulted in many experts coming to their own interpretation: the reverse reading is not clear; it could be ALEX or a blundered version of WALT. C.J. Denton notes "If WALT, then not in the Ulster Museum or National Museum of Ireland; if ALEX, known only from a reference in Lindsay". He also notes opinions given by the British Museum: "not WALT" and the NMI: "much nearer to ALEX but inconclusive". It has also been identified as GEFR - but if so, the lettering is both inward and outward facing and lacks the usual pellet under each letter. The lack of pellets, the crude lettering, the mixed orientation of lettering, and the illegibility of the name, together suggests that this coin is a possible contemporary forgery.↩
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